1.
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JoelH Warshowsky, OD, FAAO
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½ºÆ®¶óºñ½º¹«½º(strabismus), Æ®·ÎÇǾÆ(tropia), ÇìÅ×·ÎÆ®·ÎÇǾÆ(heterotropia), ½ºÄýÆ®(squint)´Â
¸ðµÎ ¾ç¾ÈÁ߽ɿÍÁֽ𡠺κÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °á¿©µÈ ½Ã°¢¿¡ »ý±â´Â ÀÌ»óÀÇ À¯ÇüÀ» ÀÏÄ´Â
¿ë¾îµéÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ã(Strabismus)´Â °¨°¢ÀÌ»ó ¹×/¶Ç´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ´ë°³ »ç½ÃÀÇ
°áÁ¤¿äÀεéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
ÀÏÄ¡¿îµ¿(comitance), °¨°¢ ¼øÀÀ, ¹ßº´ ¿¬·É, ¹ßº´ ¾ç»ó, °¢µµ, °íÁ¤ »óÅ ¹× ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. Á¶Àý ³»»ç½ÃÀÇ
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º¼·Ï ·»Áî°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³»ÆíÀ§(eso deviation)ÀÇ °æ¿ì ´«ÀÇ °¢µµ´Â ¼ö·Å°¢ÀÌ´Ù.
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INTRODUCTION
Strabismus, tropia, heterotropia, and squint are tellliS that represent a type of visual anomaly in which bifoveal fixation is partially or totally absent. Strabismus has been classified as a sensory and/or motor anomaly. Determinants of strabismus typically include: comitance, sensory adaptation, age of onset, mode of onset, degree of angle, fixation status, and duration. Accommodative esotropia is characterized as having an angle of deviation greater at near than at distance and convex lenses are usually used to reduce the degree of angle of turn.
In eso deviation the angle of the eyes is convergent.
Approximately, 4.8% of children in the United States have been diagnosed as strabismic and of that group 60% are estimated to be esotropic.1.2 In the absence of trauma or disease, it is thought that esotropia is caused by either physiological or anatomical
factors. Developmental defects often associated with hereditary conditions include a preponderance of this anomaly. The most significant period of incidence is between two and three years of age 3
Accommodative esotropes have the highest rates of recorded treatment success.4 Criteria for success in treatment has ranged from functional cure to improved cosmetic appearance.s Utilizing the functional criteria defined by Flom and Bedell, I Etting6 has reported a 57% success rate with constant esotropes and a 100% success rate with intermittent eso turns.
Esotropes, typically characterized as centrally oriented (focal), and lacking peripheral awareness (ambient), are commonly understood to be posturally and behaviorally stuck. 7 This notion that personality and behavior are linked through visual processing has been previously recorded.8 An individual whose visual posture is unyieldingly in a convergent state characterizes an inflexibility of motion. Here, an approach that represents an adherence to select a single point in space, rather than an array of points, precludes the ease with which one can visually adjust from one position in space to another. Therefore, a proposal of movement by
one's mind may be hampered in directing visual movement from one object to another. This realtionship between posture and vision may then restrain freedom of action.
1994Ò´
Practical Optometry
2.<°£Ç漺 ¿Ü»ç½Ã Ä¡·á ¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû ºÐ¼®>
°³¿ä:
°£Ç漺 ¿Ü»ç½Ã(IXT) Ä¡·á¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÓ»ó ÀÇ°ßÀº ´Ù¾çÇÏ¸ç ¾î¶² Ä¡·á¹ýÀÌ °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ
Áö´Â ³í¶õÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡¼´Â IXT¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ Ä¡·á¹ý, Áï overminus
·»Áî Å׶óÇÇ, ÇÁ¸®Áò Å׶óÇÇ, °¡¸²Ä¡·á, ¿Ü¾È±Ù ¼ö¼ú, ±×¸®°í ½Ã°¢±³Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ºñÀü
Å׶óÇÇ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÓ»óÀû ¹®ÇåÀ» ´Ù·ê °ÍÀÌ´Ù. IXTÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 59°³ÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °ËÅ並
¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¼º°ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¢ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ¸í½ÃµÈ ±âÁØÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼º°ø·üÀ»
¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù: overminus ·»Áî Å׶óÇÇ (N = 215), 28%; ÇÁ¸®Áò Å׶óÇÇ (N = 201), 28% ;
°¡¸²Ä¡·á (N = 170), 37%; ¿Ü¾È±Ù ¼ö¼ú (N = 2530), 46%, ±×¸®°í ½Ã°¢±³Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ºñÀü
Å׶óÇÇ (N = 740), 59%. IXT ¼ö¼ú ¼º°ø ¿©ºÎ´Â ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ ºÎºÐÀ» (43%) ±âÁØÀ¸·Î »ï´Â
°Í°ú ¼ºÇüÀ» (61%) ±âÁØÀ¸·Î »ï´Â °Í¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼º°ø·üµéÀº ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô
°ËÅäÇØ¾ß Çϴµ¥, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÀÛÀº »ùÇà »çÀÌÁî, ¼±Åà ÆíÀÇ, ºÒÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀǵÈ
Ä¡·á¹ý°ú ¼º°ø ±âÁØ, Åë°èÀû ºÐ¼®ÀÇ ºÎÀç, ±×¸®°í Çؼ®Çϱ⠾î·Á¿î ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÈ
°á°úµé°ú °°Àº ½É°¢ÇÑ °úÇÐÀû °áÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº
IXTÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ä¡·á¹ýµéÀÇ È¿´É¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°í Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̸ç Àß ÅëÁ¦µÈ
ÀÓ»ó½ÃÇèÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÔÀ» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù.
Abstract
Clinical opinions regarding treatment of intermittent exotropia (IXT) vary widely and there is controversy as to which treatment modality is most successful. This paper reviews the clinical literature related to five different treatment modalities used for IXT: overminus lens therapy, prism therapy, occlusion therapy, extraocular muscle surgery, and orthoptic vision therapy. Based upon review of 59 studies of treatment of IXT, and using each author's stated criteria for success, the following pooled success rates were revealed: overminus lens therapy (N=215), 28%; prism therapy (N=201), 28%; occlusion therapy (N=170), 37%; extraocular muscle surgery (N=2530), 46%; and orthoptic vision therapy (N=740), 59%. Success rates for IXT surgery differed depending upon whether a functional (43%) or cosmetic (61%) criterion was used to evaluate treatment success. These pooled success rates must be viewed carefully because nearly all the studies suffer from serious scientific flaws such as small sample sizes, selection bias, inadequately defined treatments and success criteria, absence of statistical analysis, and results reported in a manner that makes interpretation difficult. These problems indicate the need for a careful, circumscribed, and well controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy of different treatment modalities in remediating IXT.
1040-5488/92/6905-0386 $03.00/0 Vol.69 , No.5 , pp.386-404
OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE
(C) 1992 American Academy of Optometry
Ãâó:
http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/1992/05000/Treatment_Options_in_Intermittent_Exotropia__A.8.aspx3.<ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾Æµ¿ ½Ã°¢±â´É °Ë»ç: °ú°Å¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸´Ù>
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ÇÏ°í ÃßÁ¤µÈ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé6 ¼¼ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ¾î¸°ÀÌÀÇ 14%¸¸ÀÌ ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç´Â
½Ã·Â °ü¸®°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» °¡·Á³»´Âµ¥ ºñ¿ë È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¿ËÈ£µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 34°³ ÁÖ¿¡¼´Â ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾Æµ¿ÀÇ ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç°¡ ±ÇÀå ¶Ç´Â Çʼö »çÇ×ÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¹ý·ü°ú Áöħ
ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϱä ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾Æµ¿ÀÇ 21%¸¸ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ
°Ë»ç ¹æ¹ý°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ´Â ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ºÐÁÖÇÏ¸ç ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó°í ÀÔÁõµÈ ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾Æµ¿À» À§ÇÑ ½Ã·Â
°Ë»ç ¸ðµ¨Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù °Ë»çµéÀº Ưº°È÷ ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾Æµ¿À» À§ÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç,
ºñÀü¹®°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇؼµµ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °Ë»çµéÀÇ Å¸´ç¼ºÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÔÁõµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾î¶²
°Ë»çµéÀº È®½ÇÇÑ °úÇÐÀû Áõ°Å°¡ ¾øÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¸î °³ÀÇ ÁÖµé°ú Á¶Á÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °Ë»çµéÀ»
±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù. º» ³í¹®Àº ÇöÀç ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾î¸°ÀÌ ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ¹ý·ü ¹× ÁöħÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÏ°í.
¸î¸î ½ÃÇèµéÀÇ ÀåÁ¡°ú ´ÜÁ¡À» ³íÇϸç, ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ÃëÇÐ Àü ¾î¸°ÀÌ ½Ã·Â °Ë»ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °³¹ßÇϱâ
À§ÇÑ ±ÇÀå »çÇ×µéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. (Optom Vis Sci 19998; 75:571-584)
Abstract
colon; Vision problems of preschool children are detectable with a comprehensive eye examination; however, it is estimated that only 14% of children below the age of 6 years receive an eye examination. Screening is advocated as a cost-effective alternative to identify children in need of further vision care. Thirty-four states recommend or require vision screening of preschool children. Although laws and guidelines exist, only 21 % of preschool children are actually screened for vision problems. There is little agreement concerning the best screening methods, and no validated, highly effective model for screening vision of preschool children. Newer screening tests have been designed specifically for preschool populations, and can be administered by lay screeners. Many have not been validated. Several are recommended by states or organizations without convincing scientific evidence of their effectiveness. This paper summarizes current laws and guidelines for preschool vision screening in the United States, reviews advantages and disadvantages of several test procedures, and provides recommendations for developing future preschool vision screening programs.
1998Ò´ 8êÅ 8ìí
1040-5488/98/7508-0571$03.00/0 VOL.75, N.O8 PP571-584
OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE
copyright(C) 1998 American Academy of Optometry
Ãâó:
http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/1998/08000/Vision_Screening_of_Preschool_Children__Evaluating.22.aspx - ¹ø¿ª: Çѱ¹ ½ÃÁö°¢ ¹ß´Þ ¼¾ÅÍ
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